松樹皮萃取物:用途、益處與副作用

  1. 它是什麼?
    1. 它是如何製造的?
  2. 為什麼松樹皮有效?
  3. 它真的有益處嗎?
    1. 可能減輕發炎
    2. 可能支持心臟健康
    3. 其他潛在用途
  4. 它有副作用嗎?
  5. 如何使用它
  6. 總結
Photo by Gustav Gullstrand on Unsplash


世界上存在超過 100 種不同的松樹物種。它們是古老的常青樹屬,在北半球許多地區以及南半球的部分地區廣泛生長。

在過去,許多文化曾將松樹的樹皮、針葉、樹脂和松子作為藥用 [1, 2, 3, 4]。

在 1940 年代,科學家 Jacques Masquelier 在得知北美原住民使用松樹皮茶來治療壞血病和傷口後,開始研究松樹皮對健康的影響 [1, 5]。

從那時起,松樹皮萃取物作為草本補充劑的受歡迎程度持續增長。這篇文章將解釋松樹皮萃取物是什麼、它的用途以及如何安全地使用它。


它是什麼?

海松 (Pinus pinaster) 是一種原產於地中海地區的松樹,包括葡萄牙、西班牙、法國和摩洛哥。這些樹通常被稱為海松或集群松。

海松的樹皮很厚,生長過程中會呈現各種深淺不一的褐色、橙色和紅色。

雖然許多松樹物種似乎都具有有益的健康特性,但現今市面上作為草本補充劑銷售的大多數松樹皮萃取物都來自海松 [2, 3, 6]。

松樹皮萃取物以多種商品名稱銷售,其中一些最常見的包括:

  • 碧容健/碧蘿芷 (Pycnogenol)
  • Oligopin
  • Flavangenol

有時這些補充劑除了樹皮外,還包含其他成分,例如:

  • 維生素 C
  • 其他植物萃取物
  • 填充劑(如纖維素或甘油)

它是如何製造的?

海松樹皮萃取物的製法是先將松樹皮磨碎,然後在熱水中清洗和浸泡。接著,從液體萃取物中去除固體成分 [2]。

該液體萃取物可以直接使用,也可以通過冷凍乾燥並磨成粉末進行進一步加工。

摘要: 松樹皮萃取物是由海松樹皮製成的,其中許多是在地中海收穫的。液體萃取物通常會被加工成粉末形式。



為什麼松樹皮有效?

海松被已知含有促進健康的植物化合物,如維生素、多酚 (Polyphenols) 和其他植物營養素。

其中許多化合物也存在於其他補充劑中,例如葡萄籽和金縷梅萃取物 [5, 7, 8]。

松樹皮萃取物中化合物的總量可能會因所使用的樹皮類型及其製造方式而有所不同 [9, 10]。

以下是松樹皮萃取物中最引人注目的多酚營養素及其對人體健康益處的簡要總結:

  • 前青花菊素 (Procyanidins): 一種具有抗氧化作用的黃酮類化合物,似乎具有藥用價值。所有碧容健/碧蘿芷 (Pycnogenol) 海松樹皮萃取物都標準化為含有至少 75% 的前青花菊素 [8, 11, 12, 13]。
  • 兒茶素 (Catechins): 另一個具有抗氧化特性的黃酮類家族,能保護細胞免受氧化和具破壞性的自由基侵害 [5, 8, 9, 12]。
  • 酚酸 (Phenolic acids): 一組表現出高抗氧化活性的多酚,常見於植物性食物中 [2, 9, 13, 14]。

這些化合物被認為是使松樹皮能作為有用草本補充劑的原因,使其具備以下效果:

  • 抗氧化 [9, 15, 16, 17]
  • 抗菌 [9, 18, 19, 20]
  • 抗發炎 [2, 12, 15, 21]

研究認為,該萃取物的抗氧化、抗菌和抗發炎特性有潛力改善癌症、心臟病和阿茲海默症等神經退行性疾病,但仍需要更多研究 [2, 15, 18, 22]。

摘要: 松樹皮萃取物特別富含稱為多酚的植物化合物,這很可能是其促進健康益處的主要原因。



它真的有益處嗎?

過去幾十年的試管和動物實驗發現了支持松樹皮萃取物促進健康益處的鼓舞性結果。

許多研究是針對商標品牌名為 碧容健/碧蘿芷 (Pycnogenol) 的法國海松樹皮萃取物進行的。由於其抗發炎效果,研究人員開始調查它是否能作為導致 COVID-19 疾病的新型冠狀病毒 (SARS-CoV-2) 的潛在治療選擇 [11, 12, 23]。

然而,目前仍缺乏關於松樹皮萃取物對人體有效性的嚴謹研究,需要更多隨機對照試驗。因此,現在斷言松樹皮萃取物在治療特定疾病方面的安全性和有效性還為時過早 [24, 25]。

隨著更多研究的開展,我們將更好地了解使用松樹皮萃取物的最佳方式。儘管如此,該萃取物持續展現出潛力。以下是現今聲稱的松樹皮萃取物初步益處。

可能減輕發炎

法國海松皮似乎主要是透過影響體內調節發炎和免疫系統的細胞路徑,來發揮其大部分的抗發炎能力 [21, 23, 26, 27]。

研究人員仍在調查這如何有益於慢性心臟病、糖尿病、創傷性腦損傷等疾病 [28]。

松樹皮緩解發炎的顯著能力也引發了關於其作為慢性氣道發炎疾病(如氣喘和慢性阻塞性肺病,COPD)治療潛力的研究 [26, 27, 29]。

例如,動物和試管實驗顯示,碧容健能夠改善氣道細胞的發炎情況 [26, 27, 30]。一些針對人類的較早期研究也發現了碧容健緩解氣喘症狀的類似效果,儘管這些研究規模太小,無法對松樹皮作為草本補充劑的有效性得出確切結論 [31, 32, 33]。

一項包含 76 名氣喘患者的研究發現,每天服用 100 毫克碧容健,持續 6 個月,並結合吸入性皮質類固醇藥物,顯著改善了咳嗽和喘鳴,並減少了對類固醇的依賴 [31]。

此外,人類和動物實驗發現,富含前青花菊素的松樹皮萃取物可能緩解與關節炎相關的短期和長期骨骼及關節發炎。然而,需要更大規模的隨機對照試驗來證實這些發現 [34, 35, 36, 37]。

可能支持心臟健康

由於松樹皮兼具抗發炎和抗氧化的特性,它可能透過多種方式支持健康的心臟和心血管系統 [38, 39, 40, 41]。

這些方式包括限制脂肪堆積、減少氧化壓力和血栓生成的可能性,以及改善靜脈功能 [42, 43, 44, 45]。此外,松樹皮有可能抵消糖尿病和代謝症候群等慢性疾病的某些負面副作用 [46, 47]。

一項 2016 年針對 24 名高血壓成人的小型研究發現,每天服用 150 毫克 Oligopin 松樹皮補充劑 5 週,改善了 HDL(好)膽固醇指標,並使收縮壓平均降低了 6.36 mmHg [48]。

另一項 2012 年針對 23 名冠狀動脈心臟病成人的小型研究發現,每天服用 200 毫克碧容健能改善動脈血流,並降低異前列腺素 (isoprostane) 水平(這是一種衡量氧化壓力的指標)。該研究未觀察到血壓變化 [49]。

關於碧容健與血壓的薈萃分析研究也發現了類似的結果 [50, 51, 52]。與此同時,其他研究則發現松樹皮萃取物在降低心臟病風險方面效果較差 [53, 54]。最近的薈萃分析研究判定,沒有足夠的證據支持碧容健與血壓之間的聯繫 [55]。

因此,雖然松樹皮萃取物似乎能支持心臟健康的機制,但其作為特定疾病治療方法的安全性和有效性仍不清楚。

其他潛在用途

松樹皮萃取物也在人類、動物和試管實驗中被研究用於多種其他用途。這些包括:

  • 健康老化 [12, 56]
  • 傷口癒合 [20, 57]
  • 更年期 [58, 59, 60]
  • 骨質流失 [61, 62, 63, 64]
  • 阿茲海默症 [18, 65]
  • 注意力不足過動症 (ADHD) [66, 67]
  • 皮膚健康 [68, 69, 70, 71]
  • 運動表現 [72]
  • 改善認知能力 [73, 74, 75, 76]
  • 勃起功能障礙 [77, 78, 79, 80]

即便如此,目前還沒有足夠的證據來完全支持這些用途。

摘要: 松樹皮萃取物正被研究作為治療許多不同疾病的治療選擇。其減輕發炎和抗氧化的能力使其成為治療慢性疾病的有力候選者。



它有副作用嗎?

目前鮮有證據表明松樹皮對一般人群有任何顯著的缺點或副作用 [2, 8, 81]。此外,臨床試驗中的大多數患者對其耐受性良好 [31, 69, 82]。因此,當以建議量使用時,松樹皮被認為是安全的。

儘管如此,某些人可能對松樹皮過敏,且某些特定族群——包括老年人、懷孕和哺乳期婦女以及免疫力低下的人——應該避免使用。由於尚未有足夠的研究支持這些族群的安全性,應避免使用松樹皮萃取物。

此外,一些用於血栓、糖尿病的藥物和免疫抑制劑可能會與松樹皮產生交互作用。如果您正在考慮服用此類補充劑,請務必諮詢您的醫療照護提供者,特別是如果您有任何醫療狀況或正在服用任何藥物 [7]。

摘要: 按規定使用時,松樹皮萃取物對大多數人是安全的且耐受性良好。懷孕、高齡、免疫力低下或服用其他藥物者應避免使用松樹皮萃取物。



如何使用它

市售松樹皮萃取物通常以膠囊或錠劑形式銷售,但也有粉末和液體滴劑。

碧容健/碧蘿芷 (Pycnogenol) 是市場上最常見的松樹皮萃取物之一。它也是其他複合補充劑中的常見成分。

大多數市售補充劑都有建議的每日劑量。然而,您應該服用的松樹皮量可能會根據您的使用原因以及年齡和體重等其他因素而有所不同 [7]。

這就是為什麼松樹皮最好在受過訓練的醫療照護提供者的指導下使用,他們可以幫助您確定最適合您的劑量。

摘要: 許多松樹皮補充劑以液體、膠囊和粉末形式在市面上銷售。請諮詢您的醫療照護提供者,以確定您是否應該服用松樹皮萃取物以及服用多少量。



總結

松樹皮萃取物是一種富含健康多酚(如前青花菊素、兒茶素和酚酸)的草本補充劑。

這些植物化合物似乎對人體具有抗菌、抗氧化和抗發炎的效果。因此,松樹皮萃取物展現出作為治療性草本補充劑的巨大潛力。

然而,目前還沒有足夠的證據支持該萃取物的特定健康聲明。這就是為什麼您應該與值得信賴的醫療提供者合作,以確保您以最安全、最有效的方式使用松樹皮萃取物。


本文翻譯自美國註冊營養師 Cecilia Snyder, MS, RD所撰寫專欄,由註冊營養師Katherine Marengo LDN, R.D.進行醫學審查

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